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Holland America Line

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Holland America Line N.V.
Company typeSubsidiary
Industry
Founded1873; 152 years ago (1873) (as the Netherlands-America Steamship Company)
HeadquartersSeattle, Washington, United States
Key people
ProductsCruises
ParentCarnival Corporation & plc
Websitewww.hollandamerica.com

Holland America Line N.V. (HAL) is an American cruise line operating as a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc. Founded in 1873 in Rotterdam, Netherlands as the Netherlands-America Steamship Company (NASM), the company operated regular transatlantic passenger and cargo services between Rotterdam and North America until 1971.[1] As a dedicated cruise line, the company expanded through multiple acquisitions including Westours in 1971, Windstar Cruises in 1988, and Home Lines in 1988.[1] In 1989, the company was acquired by Carnival Corporation.[2][3]

Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, the line's cruise ships carry the names of former transatlantic ocean liners operated by the company. The company's current flagship, Rotterdam (2020), is the seventh ship to bear such a name. As a major operator of cruises and overland tours throughout Alaska, the company owns multiple hotels throughout the state under the Holland America and Westmark names.[4] The line also offers an annual world cruise and cruises throughout the Caribbean, South America, Europe, Asia, and Antarctica.

History

[edit]

Early decades

[edit]
The first Holland America headquarters in Rotterdam, now the Hotel New York.

Holland America Line was founded in 1873 as the Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij (NASM).[5] Known colloquially and advertised as Holland-Amerika Lijn (HAL), the company was founded after Rotterdam (I) operated its first transatlantic crossing from Rotterdam in October of 1872.[1] In the United States, the line's ships terminated in Hoboken, New Jersey across the Hudson River from New York. Rotterdam (I) operated regular fifteen-day crossings with intermediate stops in Boulogne, France and Plymouth, United Kingdom until she sank in 1883.[6] By that time, the line's fleet had grown to include the passenger/cargo liners SS W.A. Scholten, SS P. Caland, SS Leerdam, and SS Edam. In 1885, Rotterdam (II) was acquired for the line's flagship transatlantic service. At around this time HAL's house flag design, which stayed unchanged until 1971, became a tri-band of green-white-green with the NASM abbreviation at center.[7] This design was directly inspired by the flag of Rotterdam and was replicated on ship's funnels.[7] Rotterdam (II) operated the company's first pleasure cruise in 1885, transiting the Kiel Canal to Copenhagen.[8] Rotterdam (III) followed in 1897 as the company expanded rapidly.[9] Statendam (I) of 1898 was the line's first ship of greater than 10,000 gross register tons (GRT) and by the line's 25th anniversary that year, the company had successfully carried over 400,000 immigrants from Europe to North America.[2][10]

Larger ships

[edit]
A painting of Rotterdam (III), launched by Harland & Wolff in 1897.

A trio of large ships commissioned at Blohm+Voss entered service starting with SS Postdam in 1899, Rijndam (I) in 1901 and Noordam (I) in 1902.[11][12][13] With each ship measuring at greater than 12,000 GRT, this expansion increased the line's capacity significantly. In 1902, the independent line was acquired by the International Mercantile Marine Company (IMM). Owned by American industrialist J.P. Morgan as a price-fixing cartel, Holland America was approached by Harland & Wolff shipyard chairman William Pirrie in a transaction that did not disclose his IMM connections.[14]

As an unwitting member of IMM, the line introduced ever-larger ships including the 16,967 GRT Nieuw Amsterdam (I) of 1905 and the 24,129 GRT Rotterdam (IV) of 1908.[15][16] Both ships were built by Harland & Wolff.

First World War

[edit]

Statendam (II) launched in July of 1914 and was due to be the line's largest ship at 32,120 GRT. However, World War I ignited one month later and the ship was requisitioned by the United Kingdom during outfitting at Harland & Wolff. Reconfigured as the Justicia, she became the largest troopship to serve in the war and was torpedoed by a U-boat in 1918. NASM eventually accepted compensation in the form of 60,000 tons of steel from the UK Government.[17] Dutch neutrality throughout the war did not spare multiple HAL ships, and the line lost five ships totalling over 30,000 GRT. Two German mines sank SS Eemdijk in 1915,[18] and in 1916 U-53 sank SS Blommersdijk.[19] In February of 1917 U-21 sank an entire Dutch convoy, including the SS Noorderdijk and SS Zaandijk.[20][21]

During the war, Dutch capitalists progressively purchased large shares of HAL from IMM and its subsidiaries. By 1917, these investors had successfully acquired half of IMM's shares in Holland America Line for over $3.5 million.[22] In 1918, American president Woodrow Wilson issued authorization to sieze 89 Dutch ships under angary. Nine of the line's ships were seized by the United States Shipping Board, including Rijndam (I) who survived the war as a troopship under the name USS Rijndam.[23] Of these nine ships, only SS Ossterdijk did not return after sinking due to a collision.[24]

A painting of Volendam (I), completed in 1922.
Statendam (III) was laid down in 1921 but was not completed until 1929.

Between the World Wars

[edit]

Maasdam (I) and Edam (III) introduced steam turbine power to the Holland America fleet beginning in 1921, entering service as 8,800 GRT ships serving ports including Antwerp, Bilbao, Santander, Gijón, Vigo, and Havana en route to Tampico.[6][25] Volendam (I) and Veendam (I) followed from Harland & Wolff in 1922, both of which served the flagship transatlantic route to Hoboken via Southampton, Halifax, and Boulogne.[6]

Also in 1921, the line introduced its first motor ships with MV Dinteldijk and MV Drechtdijk. The 9,350 GRT refrigerated cargo ships had berths for up to 19 first class passengers and were followed by the larger MV Delftdijk and MV Damsterdijk in 1929 and 1930.[26][27][28][29]

Statendam (III) was commissioned at Harland & Wolff for completion in 1924, but Holland America Line ordered work to stop due to a lack of funds. After being laid up in an incomplete state for three years, the Dutch government issued NASM a loan for the ship's completion. After being towed to Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij in Schiedam, work was finally completed in 1929. Despite the onset of the Great Depression, Statendam (III) proved economical to run and served on the transatlantic run coupled with cruises to the Caribbean throughout the 1930s.[30]

By 1930 Holland America had expanded as far as the West Coast of the United States via the Panama Canal.[31] In collaboration with Royal Mail Lines, HAL's refrigerated cargo ships (as indicated by the -dijk suffix) ran tandem routes with RML ships including the Lochmonar and Lochgoil. New destinations for the line on these services included London, Vancouver, Guayaquil, and Bermuda.[6]

Nieuw Amsterdam (II) entered service in 1938 and quickly became the Dutch ship of state. She is the line's modern logo.
Statendam (III) at left and Veendam (II) at right burning during the battle for Rotterdam.

In 1937 the line introduced Nieuw Amsterdam (II) as its new flagship. The 36,287 GRT ship cost the line 20 million guilders and immediately became the largest ship in the Dutch merchant fleet.[32] Variously hailed as the 'Darling of the Dutch' and a 'Ship of Tomorrow', Nieuw Amsterdam (II) earned prestige as the new Dutch ship of state, rivaling contemporaries such as the RMS Queen Mary, SS Normandie, and SS Rex. The line's modern logo, in use from 1983 to present day, is an artistic depiction of Nieuw Amsterdam (II) at sea.[7]

Second World War

[edit]

In World War II, Holland America lost thirteen ships totaling over 140,000 GRT. Early in the war during Dutch neutrality, MS Binnendijk and SS Spaarndam were lost to mines,[33][34] and MS Burgerdijk was sunk by U-48 in 1940.[35] During the German invasion of the Netherlands, multiple HAL ships were burnt out during the battle for Rotterdam. Statendam (III), MV Boschdijk, and MV Dinteldijk were lost in the initial battle,[30] and MV Boschdijk was towed to the Baltic Sea as target practice for the Luftwaffe.[36] Eventually, MV Dinteldijk was scuttled in Rotterdam harbor as a blockship.[26]

After the establishment of the Dutch government-in-exile following the fall of the Netherlands, Holland America announced its intention to charter all of its transatlantic ships to the UK Government with the exception of Nieuw Amsterdam (II).[37] SS Pennland and SS Westernland were recquisitioned as troopships,[38][39] and Nieuw Amsterdam (II) eventually joined the war effort in October of 1940. At the conclusion of her service for the Allied forces, she had sailed over half a million miles around the world and transported over 400,000 military personnel as a troopship.

Holland America's World War II memorial in Katendrecht, Netherlands.

It is estimated that nearly 200 people were killed in wartime sinkings of HAL ships. The biggest loss of life occurred in November of 1942 when U-174 sank Zaandam (II), taking 135 souls.[40] In January of 1941, 39 souls were lost when MV Beemsterdijk struck a mine.[41] More casualties occured during the sinking of MV Bliderdijk by U-38 in October of 1940,[42] U-564's sinking of Maasdam (III) in 1941,[43] and the sinking of SS Pennland during the German invasion of Greece. Another U-boat sinking occurred in September of 1942, when MS Breedijk was sunk by U-34.[44] Allied forces inflicted losses on board MV Drechtdijk during an air raid after she had been captured by German forces.[27]

Post-war era

[edit]

After the war, HAL transported a large wave of immigrants from the Netherlands to Canada and elsewhere.[45] The Rotterdam to Hoboken route continued to serve Southampton, but by 1948 the port of Boulogne was still not in a condition to resume handling large ocean liners. Instead, from February 1948 Nieuw Amsterdam (II) started calling at Le Havre. At first she was the only HAL ship to do so. Veendam (II) made intermediate calls at Southampton only, and Noordam (II) and Westerdam (I) ran direct between Rotterdam and Hoboken.[46] By 1959, Holland America ships were also calling at Cobh, Quebec and Montreal. By 1963, they also served Bremerhaven.[6]

In 1958 Holland America launched Rotterdam (V), who quickly replaced Nieuw Amsterdam (II) as the new Dutch ship of state. Equipped for both two-class transatlantic service and one-class luxury cruising, her distinctive architecture and modern interior design placed her among the most innovative ships of the era. However, by the late 1960s, air travel began to displace transatlantic passenger services. Nieuw Amsterdam (II) operated the line's final scheduled transatlantic service in 1971 as the line pivoted to cruising exclusively.[1] To coincide with this change, the line introduced a new dark blue hull color for the entire fleet and rebranded the line's house flag for the first time in its history.[8]

In 1973, the line introduced its first purpose-built cruise ship with Prinsendam (I) and retired Nieuw Amsterdam (II). Through the line's 1971 acquisition of Westours, an Alaskan tour group, HAL's cruise schedule increasingly prioritized sailings throughout the Pacific Northwest. Then known as Holland America Line-Westours,[7] the company built multiple hotels throughout Alaska and acquired the Rocky Mountaineer train line.[47] In 1978, the line reincorporated in the United States and moved its headquarters to Stamford, Connecticut.[8] New purpose-built cruise ships followed in the 1980s, including running mates Nieuw Amsterdam (III) and Noordam (III). During the introduction of Nieuw Amsterdam (III), the line introduced a new house flag and logo featuring a depiction of Nieuw Amsterdam (II) with Henry Hudson's Halve Maen.[7] An iteration of this logo still exists today as the line's modern logo.

After relocating to Seattle, Washington, the company diversified into luxury cruising through an acquisition of Windstar Cruises in 1988.[1] In that same year, Holland America purchased the struggling Home Lines and renamed the MS Homeric to Westerdam (II). In 1989, Carnival Corporation purchased the entire organization for 1.2 billion guilders. The former Dutch owners used the proceeds of the sale to establish the HAL Trust and HAL Investments, both of which are owned by the van Der Vorm family. The logo for these organizations is the line's original tri-band NASM house flag.[7]

Former fleet (before 1989)

[edit]

HAL ships sold, scrapped or lost before Carnival took over.[45]

  • SS Aagtedijk, 1950–63 — Launched in 1945 as Turand. Spelling changed to Aagtedyk in 1953. Scrapped after a collision.[48]
  • Beemsterdijk, 1922 — Sunk by a mine in 1941.[41]
  • SS Beukelsdijk, 1916 — Wrecked on rocks in 1923.[49]
  • SS Bilderdijk (I), 1922 — Sunk by torpedo by U-38 in 1940.[42]
  • SS Binnendijk, 1921 — Sunk by a mine in 1939.[33]
  • SS Blommersdijk (I), 1916 — Launched in 1907 as Blötberg. Sunk by shellfire by U-53 in 1916.[19]
  • SS Boschdijk, 1922 — Burnt ont in 1940, sunk in 1942 as Luftwaffe target practice.[36]
  • SS Breedijk, 1922 — Sunk by torpedo by U-34 in 1942.[44]
  • SS Burgerdijk, 1921 — Sunk by torpedo by U-48 in 1940.[35]
  • MV Damsterdijk, 1930 — Scrapped in 1966.[29]
  • MV Delftdijk, 1929 — Scrapped in 1963.[28]
  • MV Dinteldijk (I), 1922 — Burnt out in 1940, sunk as a blockship in 1944, scrapped in 1947.[26]
  • MV Drechtdijk, 1923 — Captured by German forces in 1940, renamed Russelheim, sunk by an air attack in 1945.[27]
  • SS Edam (I), 1881 — Sunk in a collision in 1882[50]
  • SS Edam (II), 1883 — Sunk in a collision in 1895[51]
  • SS Eemdijk (I), 1915 — Launched in 1913 as Oceanos. Sunk by a mine in 1915.[18]
  • SS Gaasterdijk, 1922 — Sold in 1931, sunk in 1942.[52] Sister of Grootendijk.
  • SS Gorredijk (I), 1909–23 — Launched in 1902 as Como. Sold and renamed Benmacdhui. Scrapped in 1931.[53]
  • SS Groote Beer, 1951–63 — Launched in 1944, scrapped in 1971.[54]
  • SS Grootendijk, 1923 — Sold in 1931, sunk in 1941.[55] Sister of Gaasterdijk.
  • SS Leerdam (I), 1882 — Launched in 1881 as Nederland. Sunk in a collision in 1889.[56]
  • SS Maartensdijk, 1909–23 — Built in 1902 as Rapallo. Sold and renamed Benvrackie. Scrapped in 1933.[57]
  • SS Maasdam (III), 1921 — Sunk by torpedo by U-564 in 1941.[43]
  • SS Maasdam (IV), 1952–68 — became Polish Ocean Lines' TSS Stefan Batory. Scrapped in 2000.[58]
  • SS Nieuw Amsterdam (I), 1905–32 — Largest HAL ship until Rotterdam (IV) was completed in 1908.[59]
  • SS Nieuw Amsterdam (II), 1937–74 — UK troopship in Second World War[32]
  • SS Noordam (I), 1902 — Scrapped in 1927. Warned RMS Titanic of sea ice on the latter's maiden voyage.[60]
  • MV Noordam (II), 1938 — Sold in 1963, scrapped in 1967.[61] Sister of Zaandam (II)
  • SS Noorderdijk (I), 1913 — Sunk by torpedo by U-21 in 1917.[20]
  • SS Oosterdijk, 1913–18 — Sister of Westerdijk. Sunk in a collision.[24]
  • SS P. Caland, 1874–97. Sister of W. A. Scholten. Sold and renamed Ressel.[62]
  • SS Pennland, 1939 — launched in 1920 as Pittsburgh. Troopship from 1940. Sunk by air raid in 1941.[38] Sister of Westernland.
  • SS Potsdam, 1900–15 — Largest HAL ship when she entered service. Sold and renamed Stockholm. Scuttled in 1944, scrapped in 1947.
  • MS Prinsendam, 1973–80 — Sank as a result of fire in her engine room.
  • SS Rijndam (I), 1901 — US troopship 1918–19. Scrapped 1929.
  • SS Rotterdam (I), 1873 — Wrecked in 1883.
  • SS Rotterdam (II), 1886 — Scrapped in 1895.
  • SS Rotterdam (III), 1897–1906 — Sold and renamed C. F. Tietgen. Sunk by torpedo by U-151 in 1918.[63]
  • SS Rotterdam (IV), 1908 — Scrapped in 1940. Largest HAL ship until Statendam (III) entered service in 1929.
  • SS Ryndam (II), 1951–73 — Sank in 2003 on her way to be scrapped.[58]
  • MV Sloterdijk (II) 1940 — Sister of Sommelsdijk (III). US troopship in the Second World War. Dutch troopship in the Indonesian National Revolution. Scrapped in 1966.[64][65]
  • SS Soestdijk (I), 1901–23 — Sold and renamed Callandia. Scrapped in 1931.[66]
  • MV Sommelsdijk (III) 1939 — Wartime service as US troopship. Scrapped in 1965.[64][67]
  • SS Spaarndam (II), 1922 — Combined passenger and cargo ship. Sunk by a mine in 1939 with the loss of six lives.[34]
  • SS Statendam (I), 1898–1911 — Sold to Allan Line[10]
  • SS Statendam (II) — Requisitioned before completion as the troopship SS Justicia[17]
  • SS Statendam (III), 1929–40 — Scrapped after being burnt out at Rotterdam[30]
  • SS Statendam (IV), 1956–82 — Last in service for Regent Star as Regency.[68]
  • SS Veendam (I) 1888. Built in 1871 as Baltic. Sank in 1898 after striking a submerged wreck.[69]
  • SS Veendam (II), 1923 — Sister of Volendam (I). In 1940, bombed in Rotterdam, repaired and requisitioned by German forces. Used as submarine tender in Hamburg. Returned to HAL service 1947, scrapped in 1953.[70]
  • SS Veendam (III), 1972–74, 1975–76, 1978–84 — Last in service for Commodore Cruise Line as Enchanted Isle[71]
  • SS Veendijk 1914–33[72]
  • SS Volendam (I), 1922–52 — 1940–45 Escaped to Britain in WW2, became troopship[73]
  • SS Volendam (II), 1972–76, 1978–84 — Sister of Veendam (III); Later Universe Explorer of World Explorer Lines.[74]
  • SS W. A. Scholten, 1874 — Sister of P. Caland. Sunk in a collision in 1887 with the loss of 122 lives.[75]
  • SS Waterman, 1951–63 — Launched in 1945, scrapped in 1970.[54]
  • MV Westerdam (I), 1940–65 — Cargo and first class passenger ship. Launched in 1940, but damaged by fire and not completed. Sunk in 1942, 1944 and 1945. Completed in 1946. Scrapped in 1965.[76]
  • SS Westerdijk 1913–33 — Sister of Oosterdijk.[77]
  • SS Westernland, 1939–43 — Launched in 1918 as Regina. Sold to the UK Admiralty.[39] Sister of Pennland.
  • MV Zaandam (II), 1938 — Sunk by torpedo by U-174 in 1942 with the loss 134 lives.[40] Sister of Noordam (II)
  • SS Zaandijk (I), 1909 — Built in 1899 as Ohio. Sunk by torpedo by U-21 in 1917.[21]
  • SS Zuiderdijk, 1912–23 — Sold and renamed Misty Law. Scrapped in 1957.[78]
  • SS Zuiderkruis, 1951–63 — Launched in 1944, scrapped in 1969.[54]
Rotterdam (VI) and Eurodam (I) docked alongside in Tallinn, Estonia in 2014.

US-based cruise line (1989–present)

[edit]

After being acquired by Carnival Corporation, HAL received a significant cash injection to overhaul and lengthen the newly-acquired Westerdam (II).[79] A quartet of new purpose-built ships was quickly ordered from Fincantieri in Italy, the first of which entered service in 1993 as the 55,000 GRT Ryndam (II). To much surprise, Carnival Corporation chose not to invest in the popular flagship Rotterdam (V), selling her to Premier Cruise Lines in 1997.[80] Another quartet of new-build ships soon followed, dramatically increasing HAL's overall capacity. The first ship in the class was the 61,000 GRT Rotterdam (VI), who enjoyed co-flagship status with running mate Amsterdam (I). Both ships were distinguished by unique twin-uptake funnels designed to evoke Rotterdam (V).

In 1996, the line acquired Little San Salvador Island in the The Bahamas for $6 million from Norwegian Cruise Line.[81] After spending over $16 million in rennovations and renaming the island to Half Moon Cay, the island opened to HAL and Carnival passengers as a private destination island.[82] At the turn of the century, the line began to sell older tonnage including Nieuw Amsterdam (III) in 2000 and Westerdam (II) in 2001. Noordam (II) was bareboat chartered to Thomson Cruises in 2002 but remained under Holland America ownership until being sold in 2018.[83]

The Vista-class quartet of ships entered service starting with Zuiderdam (I) in 2002. Each of the four ships feature a verandah stateroom ratio of 67% and were designed with twin funnels. In 2008, the slightly-enlarged Signature-class entered service with Eurodam (I) and Nieuw Amsterdam (IV) in 2010.[84] The line's largest-ever ship, the 99,000 GRT Koningsdam (I), entered service in 2016 as the lead ship in the Pinnacle-class. In 2018, HAL acquired another rail line, the White Pass and Yukon Route between Skagway and Whitehorse.[85] In 2019, the line's smallest ship Prinsendam (II) was sold to German tour group Phoenix Reisen.[86]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zaandam (III) and Rotterdam (VI) made international headlines due to large numbers of infected passengers, which caused them both to be denied passage through the Panama Canal.[87] Both ships were eventually granted passage and returned to Port Everglades, Florida after conducting at sea ship-to-ship transfers of healthy passengers and crew to isolate infected passengers.[88] In July, HAL announced that four ships would leave the fleet, amongst which included co-flagships Rotterdam (VI) and Amsterdam (I), Maasdam (V), and Veendam (IV).[89] This reduction in force left the Zaandam (III) and Volendam (III) as the only remaining small ships in the fleet. Due to the sale of Rotterdam (VI), the in-progress Ryndam (IV) was renamed to Rotterdam (VII), eventually entering service in 2020.

Fleet

[edit]

Current fleet

[edit]
Ship name In HAL
service 		Gross
tonnage 		Maximum
speed 		Passenger
complement 		Enclosed
passenger decks 		Flag Image
Rotterdam class (R class)
MS Volendam 1999 61,214 23 knots 1,432 9  Netherlands
MS Zaandam 2000 61,396 23 knots 1,432 9  Netherlands
Vista class (V class)
The four Vista-class ships are named for the points of the compass in Dutch.
MS Zuiderdam 2002 82,305 24 knots 1,916 10  Netherlands
MS Oosterdam 2003 82,305 24 knots 1,916 10  Netherlands
MS Westerdam 2004 82,305 24 knots 1,916 10  Netherlands
MS Noordam 2006 82,318 24 knots 1,924 10  Netherlands
Signature class
The Signature-class ships are an enlarged Vista-class design.
MS Eurodam 2008 86,273 23.9 knots 2,104 11  Netherlands
MS Nieuw Amsterdam 2010 86,700 23.9 knots 2,106 11  Netherlands
Pinnacle class
The Pinnacle-class ships are the largest in the line's history and are New Panamax.
MS Koningsdam 2016 99,863 22.2 knots 2,650 12  Netherlands
MS Nieuw Statendam 2018 99,863 22.2 knots 2,650 12  Netherlands
MS Rotterdam 2021 99,863 22.2 knots 2,650 12  Netherlands

Former fleet

[edit]
Ship name Built In HAL
service		 Gross
tonnage		 Current
flag		 Notes Image
Amsterdam 2000 2000–2020 62,735 tons  Netherlands Sold to Fred. Olsen Cruise Line in 2020 and renamed Bolette.
Rotterdam 1997 1997–2020 61,849 tons  Netherlands Sold to Fred. Olsen Cruise Line in 2020 and renamed Borealis.
Veendam 1996 1996–2020 57,092 tons  Greece Sold to Seajets in 2020 and renamed Aegean Majesty.[89]
Ryndam 1994 1994–2015 55,819 tons  Greece Transfered to P&O Cruises Australia in 2015 and renamed Pacific Aria.
Maasdam 1993 1993–2020 55,575 tons  Bermuda
Sold to Seajets in 2020 and renamed Aegean Myth.[89]
Statendam 1993 1993–2015 55,819 tons  United Kingdom Transfered to P&O Cruises Australia in 2015 and renamed Pacific Eden.
Prinsendam 1988 2002–19 38,848 tons The Bahamas Bahamas Sold to Phoenix Reisen in 2019 renamed Amera.
Westerdam 1986 1988–2002 54,763 tons  Malta Transferred to Costa Cruises in 2002 and renamed Costa Europa.
Noordam 1984 1984–2005 33,960 tons  Malta Bareboat chartered to Thomson Cruises and renamed to Thomson Celebration; sold in 2018.
Nieuw Amsterdam 1983 1984–2000 33,930 tons  Malta Sold to American Classic Voyages in 2000 and renamed Patriot; reacquired in 2002 and sold to Louis Cruises in 2002 as Spirit.
Rotterdam 1959 1959–97 38,645 tons  Netherlands Sold to Premier Cruise Lines in 1997 and renamed Rembrandt; now a museum and hotel in Rotterdam.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Timeline | HAL-150". www.hollandamerica.com. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  2. ^ a b "Holland America Line – A History of Distinction, Innovation and Growth". The Maritime Executive. 22 December 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Carnival Buys Up Holland America". Los Angeles Times. 12 February 1989. Retrieved 11 January 2021. $625-million purchase
  4. ^ "Holland America Hotels in Alaska & Yukon - Our Locations". Holland America Hotels. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  5. ^ "Holland Line Jubilee". News-Pilot. San Pedro, California. 20 April 1948. p. 14.
  6. ^ a b c d e Larsson, Björn (24 June 2019). "Holland-America Line". Marine Timetable Images. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Holland Amerika Lijn (The Netherlands)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  8. ^ a b c "The history of Holland America Line | ROL Cruise Blog". www.rolcruise.co.uk. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  9. ^ "Rotterdam – ID 5591". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  10. ^ a b "Statendam – ID 6176". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Potsdam – ID 5248". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Noordam – ID 5630". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  13. ^ "Noordam – ID 4701". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  14. ^ "The White Star Line and the International Mercantile Marine Company". Titanic Historical Society, Inc. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  15. ^ "Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4633". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). 6 June 2023.
  16. ^ "Rotterdam – ID 5592". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). 6 June 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Justicia". Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding and Engineering Works. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  18. ^ a b "Eemdyk – ID 1900". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  19. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Blommersdijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  20. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Noorderdijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  21. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Zaandijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  22. ^ "Mercantile Marine sells Dutch stock". The New York Times. 21 December 1917. p. 16. Retrieved 28 June 2023 – via Times Machine.
  23. ^ "Rijndam". DANFS. Naval History and Heritage Command. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Oosterdyk– ID 4893". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  25. ^ Talbot-Booth 1936, p. 498.
  26. ^ a b c "Dinteldyk – ID 1710". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  27. ^ a b c "Drechtdyk – ID 1792". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Delftdyk – ID 1642". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Damsterdyk – ID 1598". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  30. ^ a b c "Statendam – ID 6177". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  31. ^ Harnack 1930, p. 399.
  32. ^ a b "Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4634". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  33. ^ a b "Binnendyk – ID 981". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  34. ^ a b "Spaarndam – ID 6060". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  35. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Burgerdijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  36. ^ a b "Boschdyk – ID 1067". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  37. ^ "Allies to charter many Dutch ships". The New York Times. 8 June 1940. p. 34. Retrieved 10 June 2023 – via Times Machine.
  38. ^ a b "Pennland – ID 5111". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Westernland – ID 7246". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  40. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Zaandam". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  41. ^ a b "Beemsterdyk – ID 873". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  42. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Bilderdijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  43. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Maasdam". uboat.net. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  44. ^ a b Helgason, Guðmundur. "Breedijk". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  45. ^ a b Dalkmann, H.A.; Schoonderbeek, A.J. (1998). 125 Years of Holland America Line. Edinburgh: The Pentland Press Ltd. pp. 5–17. ISBN 1-85821-590-0.
  46. ^ "Liner Nieuw Amsterdam To Call at a French Port". The New York Times. 12 January 1948. p. 39. Retrieved 12 June 2023 – via Times Machine.
  47. ^ "About Us". Westmark Hotels – Alaska/Yukon. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  48. ^ "Aagtedyk – ID 5". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  49. ^ "Grängesberg – ID 8485". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  50. ^ "Edam – ID 8172". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  51. ^ "Edam – ID 1882". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  52. ^ "Gaasterdyk – ID 2352". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  53. ^ "Gorredyk – ID". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  54. ^ a b c "SS Zuiderkruis, Groote Beer, Waterman". www.ssmaritime.com.
  55. ^ "Grootendyk – ID 2592". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  56. ^ "Nederland – ID 8268". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  57. ^ "Maartensdyk – ID 3842". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  58. ^ a b "Holland America Ocean Liner Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  59. ^ "Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4633". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). 2 June 2023.
  60. ^ "Some History of the MS Noordam". Cruise Information. Bill Watts Family.
  61. ^ "Noordam – ID 4702". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). 6 June 2023.
  62. ^ "P. Caland – ID 8298". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  63. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Dwinsk". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  64. ^ a b Swiggum, Susan; Kohli, Marjorie (18 January 2006). "Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij / Holland America Line". TheShipsList. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  65. ^ Van Kuijk, John. "Sloterdyk (2) (1940 – 1966)" (in Dutch). Vereniging de Lijn. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  66. ^ "Soestdyk – ID 6033". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  67. ^ Lloyd's Register of Shipping (PDF). Vol. II.–Steamers & Motorships of 300 Tons, Trawlers, Tugs, Dredgers, etc. London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. 1943. Retrieved 18 December 2013 – via Southampton City Council.
  68. ^ "Holland America – Statendam (1956) Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  69. ^ "Veendam – ID 6939". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  70. ^ "Veendam – ID 6942". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  71. ^ "Moore-McCormack Liner Argentina 1958 – Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  72. ^ "Veendyk – ID 6945". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  73. ^ "Volendam – ID 7073". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  74. ^ "Moore-McCormack Liner Brasil 1958 – Ship Postcards". www.simplonpc.co.uk.
  75. ^ "W. A. Scholten – ID 8382". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  76. ^ "Westerdam – ID 7233". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  77. ^ "Oosterdyk– ID 7237". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  78. ^ "Zuiderdyk – ID 7501". Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  79. ^ "M/S HOMERIC (1986)". www.faktaomfartyg.se. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  80. ^ "Holland America Line - SS Rotterdam". ssmaritime.com. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  81. ^ Holland America Compra Una Isla. 1997-01-18.
  82. ^ Cruise Line Buys Island. 1997-06-14.
  83. ^ "M/S NOORDAM (1984)". www.faktaomfartyg.se. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  84. ^ "Carnival Cruise Lines and Holland America Line Order New Ships". Cruise Industry News. 26 October 2012.
  85. ^ plc, Carnival Corporation &. "Carnival Corporation & plc Acquires Port, Railroad and Retail Operations in Alaska". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  86. ^ Souza, Ben (2018-07-02). "Holland America Cruise Ship Leaving the Fleet in 2019". Cruise Fever. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  87. ^ Hines, Morgan. "Coronavirus: Holland America's Zaandam, Rotterdam get OK to transit Panama Canal for Florida". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  88. ^ "Coronavirus: Cruise ship off Panama coast transfers passengers". 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
  89. ^ a b c "Four Holland America Line Ships Sold". Cruise Industry News. 15 July 2020.

Bibliography

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  • de Balbian Verster, J.F.L. (1921). Holland-America: an historical account of shipping and other relations between Holland and North America. Amsterdam: Bernard Houthakker for the Holland America Line. OCLC 19792377.
  • van Berkum, Sandra; Maes, Tal (2011). Captain's Dinner: Koken met de Holland-Amerika Lijn [Captain's Dinner: Cooking with the Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Schiedam: Scriptum. ISBN 978-9055948161.
  • de Boer, G.J. (1998). 125 jaar Holland-Amerika Lijn, 1873–1998 [125 Years Holland America Line, 1873–1998] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 906013074X.
  • de Boer, Michiel George (1923). Holland-America Line, 1873–1923. Rotterdam: Holland America Line. OCLC 602295517.
  • Card, Stephen J. (2005). Holland America Line, "The Spotless Fleet" : Maritime Paintings. London: Carmania Press. ISBN 0954366654.
  • Collard, Ian (2018). Holland America Cruise Ships. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445667607.
  • Dalkmann, H.A.; Schoonderbeck, A.J. (1998). 125 years of Holland America Line: a company history. Edinburgh: Pentland Press. ISBN 1858215900.
  • Gischler, Arnout C. (2003). De Holland-Amerika Lijn in Zwaar Weer [The Holland America Line in Heavy Weather]. Historische publicaties Roterodamum series, no. 148 (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057302624.
  • de Groot, Edward P. (1980). Per mailboot naar Amerika: vijftig jaar Noordatlantische passagiersvaart onder Nederlandse vlag [By Mail Boat to America: Fifty years of North Atlantic passenger travel under the Dutch flag] (in Dutch). Bussum: Unieboek. ISBN 9022818314.
  • Guns, Nico (2004). Holland America Line: Short History of a Shipping Company. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057303167.
  • Guns, Nico; van Rikxoort, Ronald (2006). Holland-Amerika Lijn: Schepen van 'De Lijn' in beeld [Holland America Line: Ships of 'The Line' in focus] (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 9057304600.
  • Guns, Nico (2013). Een zeevarend zondagskind: de memoires van HAL-kapitein Roelof ten Kate [A Seafaring Sunday's Child: the memoirs of HAL Captain Roelof ten Kate] (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. ISBN 978-9491354281.
  • Harnack, Edwin P (1930) [1903]. All About Ships & Shipping (4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
  • Haws, Duncan (1995). Holland America Line. Merchant Fleets series. Vol. 28. Uckfield: Travel Creatours Ltd Publications. ISBN 0946378258.
  • van Herk, C.; van der Elst, J.H. (1981). De schepen van de Holland Amerika Lijn [The Ships of the Holland America Line]. Erato-monografieën series, no. 5. (in Dutch). Haarlem: Historische Boekhandel ERATO; Bussum: De Boer Maritiem. ISBN 9022818632.
  • Holdermans, Rob (2006). Holland-Amerika Lijn van boven bekeken, 1921–1964 [Holland America Line from above, 1921–1964] (in Dutch). Hoogeveen: V+W Collective. ISBN 978-9059780347.
  • Kohler, Peter C. (1993). The Holland America Line: A 120th Anniversary Celebration in Postcards. Coltishall: Ship Pictorial Publications. ISBN 0951603841.
  • Le Fleming, H.M. (1965). Ships of the Holland – America Line (2nd ed.). London: John Marshbank Ltd. OCLC 834361608.
  • Miller, William H. (1998). Going Dutch: The Holland America Line Story. London: Carmania Press. ISBN 0951865684.
  • Oosterwijk, Bram; van de Ven, Daniël (2002). Holland-Amerika Lijn: achteromkijkend naar de Wilhelminakade [Holland America Line: looking back to the Wilhelminakade] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 9060132424.
  • Payne, Stephen M. (1990). Grande Dame: Holland America Line and the S.S. Rotterdam. London: RINA Ltd. ISBN 0903055120.
  • Schaap, Dick (1973). A Bridge to the Seven Seas. New York: D. McKay. OCLC 701048.
  • Seabrook, William C. (1950). In the War at Sea: a record of Rotterdam's largest merchant fleet and its gallant crews, from 1940 to 1945 (2nd ed.). Rotterdam: Holland America Line. OCLC 604175934.
  • Talbot-Booth, EC (1936). Ships and the Sea (Third ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd.
  • Verdure, Michel; Lasley, Paul; Harryman, Elizabeth (2007). The Art of Cruising: Fine Art and Antiques of Holland America Line. Seattle: Holland America Line. ISBN 978-0977802838.
  • Wendtholt, A.D. (1973). Brug over de oceaan: Een eeuw geschiedenis van de Holland Amerika Lijn [Bridge over the Ocean: A centenary history of the Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar. ISBN 9023692292.
  • Zuidhoek, Arne (1997). Droomschepen: Holland-Amerika Lijn [Dream Ships: Holland America Line] (in Dutch). Alkmaar: De Alk. ISBN 9060130685.
  • Zuidhoek, Arne (2004). De mooiste schepen van 'De Lijn': Holland-Amerika Lijn [The most beautiful ships of 'The Line: Holland America Line]. De mooiste schepen van... series (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Aprilis. ISBN 905994027X.
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